ããã§ã¯ãèªå·±äžå¿æ§ãšè±äžå¿åãšãããçºéå¿çåŠè ã®ãã¢ãžã§ãæå±ããæŠå¿µã«ã€ããŠè¿°ã¹ãŠãããŸãããŸããèæ¯ç¥èãšããŠããã¢ãžã§ã®èªç¥çºé段é説ã«ã€ããŠèª¬æããŸãã次ã«ãèªå·±äžå¿æ§ãè±äžå¿åãšã¯äœããåã ã®å ·äœäŸã«ã¯ã©ããªãã®ãããã®ãããšãã£ãããšãªã©ããäŒãããŠãããŸãã
ç®æ¬¡
ãã¢ãžã§ã®èªç¥çºé段é説
èªå·±äžå¿æ§ãšè±äžå¿åã¯ããã¢ãžã§ãšããçºéå¿çåŠè ãæå±ããæŠå¿µã§ãããã¢ãžã§ã¯ãåã©ãã®æèã®çºééçšã系統ç«ãŠãŠæããã«ããçºéå¿çåŠã®çºå±ã«å€§ããè²¢ç®ããŸãããç涯ã§50å以äžã®æžç±ãš500æ¬ä»¥äžã®è«æãå·çããå€ãã®åŠè ã«åœ±é¿ãäžãã人ç©ã§ãã
圌ã®çè«ã¯äžçäžã§ç¥ãããŠããŸãããäžã§ãæåãªçè«ããèªç¥çºé段é説ã§ãã1936幎ã«æå±ããã4段éããæã£ãŠããŸããèªå·±äžå¿æ§ãè±äžå¿åãããã®çè«ã«å«ãŸããæŠå¿µã§ãã®ã§ããŸãã¯èæ¯ç¥èãšããŠãèªç¥çºé段é説ã«ã€ããŠæŠèª¬ããŸãã以äžã®è¡šãã芧ãã ããã
æèŠéåæ(ãããã0æ³ïœ2æ³) | åå§åå°ã䜿ã£ãŠå€çã«åãããããåçŽãªåäœãè©Šè¡é¯èª€ããªããç¹°ãè¿ã埪ç°åå¿ãèŠããããä»ã«ååã調ç¯ãªã©ãéèŠã |
åæäœæ(ãããã2æ³ïœ7æ³) | èªåã®ç«å ŽããèŠãé¢ä¿ã¯ç解ã§ããããä»è ã®èŠæ¹ãç解ã§ããªã(èªå·±äžå¿æ§)ãä»ã«ãã¢ãããºã ãä¿åã®æªç²åŸãªã©ãéèŠã |
å ·äœçæäœæ(ãããã7æ³ïœ11æ³) | ä¿åã®æŠå¿µã確ç«ãããå ·äœçãªç©äºã«ã€ããŠè«ççãªæèãå¯èœã«ãªãããŸããä»è ã®èŠç¹ãç解ã§ããããã«ãªã(è±äžå¿å )ã |
圢åŒçæäœæ(ãããã11æ³ïœæ人) | æœè±¡çãªæŠå¿µã§ãã£ãŠãã仮説ãç«ãŠãè«ççã«æèããããšãå¯èœã«ãªãã |
è¡šã®å·ŠåŽã«å段éã®å称ãšå¯Ÿè±¡ãšãªã幎霢ãå³åŽã«ãã®ç¹åŸŽããŸãšããŸããã
è¡šãããèªå·±äžå¿æ§ã¯åæäœæãè±äžå¿åã¯å ·äœçæäœæã«é¢ä¿ããæŠå¿µã§ãããšåãããŸãããããã®æŠå¿µã¯ã幌å æã®åã©ãã®ç¹åŸŽã説æããŠããŸãã®ã§ãåã©ãã®é€è²ã«é¢ãã(ãããã¯ãé¢ããããšããŠãã)æ¹ã¯ããã£ããç解ããŠãããããšããã§ãã
ãããŸã§ãèžãŸããŠãèªå·±äžå¿æ§ãšè±äžå¿åã«ã€ããŠã以äžã§è©³ããèŠãŠãããŸãããã
â»ååãä¿åã®æŠå¿µãªã©ãéèŠãªããŒã¯ãŒãã§ãããæ¬èšäºã§ã¯åãäžããŸãããçŠç¹ããŒãããã®ãé¿ããããã§ãã
èªå·±äžå¿æ§ãšã¯
ããããã¯ãèªå·±äžå¿æ§ãšè±äžå¿åã«ã€ããŠèª¬æããŠãããŸãããŸãã¯èªå·±äžå¿æ§ããèŠãŠãããŸãããã
èªå·±äžå¿æ§ã®æå³ã»å®çŸ©
èªå·±äžå¿æ§ãšã¯ãèªåãšä»äººãæ確ã«åºå¥ã§ãããä»è ã®èŠç¹ãç解ã§ããªãããšãæããŸããèŠç¹ãèªåãããã¯1ã€ã«åºå®ãããŠããŠãå¥ã®èŠç¹ããèŠãããä»è ã®èŠç¹ãæ³å®ãããããããšããªãç¶æ ã§ãã
幌å æã«ãããèªå·±äžå¿æ§ã®å ·äœäŸ
èªå·±äžå¿æ§ã®å ·äœäŸãšããŠã¯ãåŸè¿°ããäžã€ã®å±±åé¡ãæåã§ãããããã§ã¯å¥ãªäŸãã玹ä»ããŸãã
äŸãã°ãåã©ãã®ãçµµæããèŠããšã倪éœã«é¡ãæããŠããçµµãæãããšããããŸãããŸããåã©ããåç©ã人圢ã«è©±ããããå Žé¢ãããèŠãããŸãããããã¯å šãŠèªå·±äžå¿æ§ã®äŸã§ãã¢ãããºã ãšåŒã°ããŠããŸãã
ã¢ãããºã ã¯ãçç©ã§ããç¡çç©ã§ãããå šãŠäººéãšåãããã«çããèããæãã話ããšèãã説ã§ãåè¿°ã®è¡šã«ããéããåæäœæã®åã©ãã«èŠãããç¹åŸŽã§ããåã©ãã倧奜ããªæ©é¢è»ããŒãã¹ããããŸããããªã©ã奜äŸã§ãã
ä»ã®äŸãšããŠã¯ã誰ããšåããåã£ãŠãããšããèªåã®å³æã¯èªåããèŠãŠå³åŽã«ãããããçžæã®å³æããèªåããèŠãŠå³åŽã«ãããšæã£ãŠããŸãããšãæããããŸããå®éã¯ãèªåããèŠãŠå·ŠåŽã«çžæã®å³æãããã®ã§ãããèªåã®èŠç¹ããæã£ãŠããªãããããã®ããšãåãããªãã®ã§ãã
èªå·±äžå¿æ§ãšãããŸãŸãèªå·±äžå¿çã®éã
èªå·±äžå¿æ§ã¯ãã¢ãžã§ã®æŠå¿µã§ãããçŸä»£ã«ãããŠãã䌌ãèšèãååšããŸãããããŸãŸããèªå·±äžå¿ç(ä¿ã«ããèªå·±äž)ãããã§ããããã3ã€ã¯åãæå³ãªã®ã§ããããã
çµè«ããèšããšããããã¯å šãŠå¥ç©ãšããŠæããã®ãæ£ããã§ãããã¡ããè¡šãçšããŠèª¬æããŸããè¡šã®å·ŠåŽã«èšèããå³åŽã«æå³ãèšããŸãã
èªå·±äžå¿æ§ | èªåãšä»äººãæ確ã«åºå¥ã§ãããä»è ã®èŠç¹ãç解ã§ããªãããšã |
ãããŸãŸ | ä»äººã®ããšãèããïŒèªåã®éœåã ããèããŠè¡åããããšã |
èªå·±äžå¿ç(èªå·±äž) | åžžã«èªåãäžå¿ã«ãã®ããšãèããŠãä»äººã®éœåã¯èããªãããšã |
ãŸããèªå·±äžå¿æ§ãšãããŸãŸãèªå·±äžå¿çãšã®éãã¯ãä»è ã®èŠç¹ãç解ã§ããŠãããã©ãããæ倧ã®ãã€ã³ãã§ãã
ãããŸãŸãèªå·±äžå¿çã¯ãä»è ã®èŠç¹ã¯ç解ããŠããŠããã®ããã§âèªåããè¯ããã°ä»äººã¯ã©ãã§ãããâãšèããèš³ã§ãã察ããŠèªå·±äžå¿æ§ã¯ãä»è ã®èŠç¹ãç解ããŠããªãã®ã§ãâä»äººãã©ãæã£ãŠãããâãšããçºæ³ããããããããŸãããçºéçã«æªçã ããã§ããããã«æ±ºå®çãªéãããããŸãã
ãŸãããã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã«ããéããææãããŠãããäŸãã°å»£æŸ€ã(2018)ã¯ãèªå·±äžå¿æ§(èªå·±äžã®ããš)ã¯ãããã¬ãã£ããªãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãå«ãã®ã«å¯Ÿãããã¢ãžã§ã®èªå·±äžå¿æ§ã¯ãç¹ã«ãã¬ãã£ããªãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã¯æããããªããšè¿°ã¹ãŠããŸãã
次ã«ããããŸãŸãšèªå·±äžå¿çãšã®éãã§ããäžèŠãããšåãããã«èŠããŸããããã¡ãã¯å®éã«äœ¿ãå Žé¢ãæ³åãããšãéããåãããŸãã
äŸãã°å°ããåã©ããæããŠãâãããŸãŸãªåâãšè©ããããšã¯ãã£ãŠããâèªå·±äžå¿çãªåâãšè©ããããšã¯äœããªãã®ã§ã¯ãªãã§ãããããã€ãŸãããããŸãŸãšããèšèã«ã¯ãæãçŒããå¯æãããããšããå«ã¿ãããããã§ããèªå·±äžå¿çã«ãããã£ãå«ã¿ã¯ãããŸããããããäž¡è ã®éãã§ãã
è±äžå¿åãšã¯
ç¶ããŠè±äžå¿åã«ã€ããŠèŠãŠãããŸããæµãã¯èªå·±äžå¿æ§ãšåãã§ããŸãã¯å®çŸ©ããè¿°ã¹ãŠãããŸãã
è±äžå¿åã®æå³ã»å®çŸ©
è±äžå¿åãšã¯ãèªå·±äžå¿æ§ãè±ããä»è ã®èŠç¹ãç解ã§ããããã«ãªãããšãèšããŸãããã¢ãžã§ã®èªç¥çºé段é説ã§ã¯ãå ·äœçæäœæã«å«ãŸããæŠå¿µã§ããä»è ã®èŠç¹ãç解ã§ããããã«ãªããããäŸãã°ãããŸã§èŠãããŠããã¢ãããºã ã¯ãæ¶å€±ãããšãã¢ãžã§ã¯èããŸããã
è±äžå¿åã®å ·äœäŸ
è±äžå¿åã®å ·äœäŸãšããŠã1ã€ã¯åè¿°ããã¢ãããºã ã®æ¶å€±ãæããããŸããããã§ã¯å¥ãªäŸãã玹ä»ããŸãã
è±äžå¿åãèµ·ãããšãä»è ã®èŠç¹ãç解åºæ¥ãããã«ãªããŸããã€ãŸãã客芳çãªç©ã®èŠæ¹ãåºæ¥ãããã«ãªããšããããšã§ããã§ãããäŸãã°äŒè©±ã®äžã§ãã絶察ããšãã£ãè¡šçŸã§ã¯ãªããããã¶ããããïœãããããªãããšãã£ãè¡šçŸã䜿ãããã«ãªããŸãã
èªåã®èŠæ¹ã絶察çãªãã®ãšã¯ãå¿ ãããæããªããªã£ãŠããŠããããã§ãã
ãŸããèªå·±äžå¿æ§ã®äŸã§æããå³æã®å€æããããæ£ç¢ºã«äžããããã«ãªããŸãã
èªå·±äžå¿æ§ã»è±äžå¿åãšãäžã€ã®å±±åé¡ã
èªå·±äžå¿æ§ãè±äžå¿åã®äŸãšããŠéåžžã«æåãªãã®ã«ããã®äžã€ã®å±±åé¡ããããŸãããã£ãããã©ã®ãããªãã®ãªã®ã§ããããã
äžã€ã®å±±åé¡ã¯ãåã©ãã®ç©ºéèªç¥èœåã調ã¹ãããã®å®éšã§ãããã¢ãžã§ãšã€ã³ãã«ããŒã«ãã£ãŠã1948幎ã«è¡ãããŸãããå®éšæç¶ãã¯é·å°Ÿ(2007)ã«è©³ããã®ã§ãããã§ã¯æŠèŠã以äžã«èšãã«çããŸãã
ãŸãã1蟺ã1mã®æ£æ¹åœ¢ã®åºåã®äžã«ãäžã€ã®ç¹åŸŽã®ç°ãªãå±±ã®æš¡åãé 眮ããŸãã次ã«ãããäœçœ®ã«åã©ãã座ãããŸãããããŠã3ã€ã®æ¹æ³ã以ãŠãåã©ãã®ç©ºéèªç¥ã«ãããèªå·±äžå¿æ§ãæããã«ããããšããŸããããªãããã®ãšã被éšè ãšããŠã4æ³ãã12æ³ãŸã§100人ã®åã©ããéžã°ããŠããŸãã
çµæã¯æ¬¡ã®éãã§ãã4æ³ã®åã©ãã§ã¯ãèªåã®èŠç¹ãé¢ããããšã¯å°é£ã§ããã7æ³ä»¥éã«ãªããšè€éãªå±±ã®äœçœ®ã¯ç解ã§ããªãããååŸé¢ä¿ãå·Šå³ã®é¢ä¿ã«é¢å¿ã瀺ãããã«ãªããŸãããããŠã9æ³ïœ12æ³ã«ãªããšãå±±ã®äœçœ®é¢ä¿ææ¡ã®æ£ç¢ºããå¢ããå®éšã®æ£è§£çãé«ãŸããŸããã
以äžã®çµæããããã¢ãžã§ãšã€ã³ãã«ããŒã¯ã幌å ã¯ä»è ã®èŠç¹ã«ç«ã£ãç©ã®èŠæ¹ãåºæ¥ããèªå·±äžå¿çã§ãããšèããŸããã
ãã¢ãžã§ã®çºéçè«ã«ã€ããŠåŠã¹ãæ¬
ãã¢ãžã§ã®çºéçè«ã«ã€ããŠãããã«åŠãã§ã¿ããæ¹ã®ãããæžç±ã2åã»ã©çŽ¹ä»ããŸãã
ãã¢ãžã§å ¥é 掻åãšæ§æ: åã©ããšåŠè ã®èªèã®èµ·æºã«ã€ããŠ
ãã¢ãžã§ã®èãæ¹ãç 究æ¥çžŸã«ã€ããŠã詳ããåŠã³ããæ¹ã«ãªã¹ã¹ã¡ã§ããæ¬èšäºã§åãæ±ããªãã£ããååãä¿åãªã©ã®æŠå¿µã«ã€ããŠãåŠã¶ããšãåºæ¥ãŸãã
çºéå¿çåŠã¬ã€ããã㯠åã©ãã®çºéç解ã®ããã«
æ¬æžã¯ãã¢ãžã§ã®ã¿ãåãäžããæžç±ã§ã¯ãããŸãããããã¢ãžã§çè«ã®åºæ¬ãäžå¯§ã«æžãããŠããããã玹ä»ãããŠé ããŸãã
æ¬èšäºã§æ±ã£ãäžãå±±ã®åé¡ã«ã€ããŠããã€ã©ã¹ãä»ãã§è§£èª¬ãããŠãããããé ã«æ®ãããããªã£ãŠããŸããå ããŠããã¢ãžã§çè«ã«å¯Ÿããæ¹å€ã玹ä»ãããŠãããããããæ·±ãç¥èãåŸãããšãåºæ¥ãŸãã
ãã¢ãžã§ã®èãæ¹ãåŠã³ãæ¥ã ã®ç掻ã«åœ¹ç«ãŠãã
èªå·±äžå¿æ§ãè±äžå¿åã«ã€ããŠãå®çŸ©ãå ·äœäŸãªã©ãèŠãŠããŸããããããã®æŠå¿µãå«ãããã¢ãžã§ã®èãæ¹ã®ç¹åŸŽã¯ãåã©ãã®çºéãèªç¥çæ©èœã«éçŽããŠèª¬æããç¹ã«ãããŸããããã«ã¯åœç¶æ¹å€ããããŸãããåã©ããç解ããã«ããã£ãŠãéèŠãªç¥èŠã沢山æ®ããŠãããããšãäºå®ã§ãã
ãã¢ãžã§ã®èãæ¹ãåŠã¶ããšã§ããããŸã§ç解äžèœã ã£ãåã©ãã®èšåãè¡åããå¥ãªåãå£ã§æããããšãåºæ¥ãããã«ãªããããããŸããã
æ°ããªåŒãåºããšããŠãã¢ãžã§ã®èãæ¹ãåŠã¶ããšã¯ãä»äºã§åã©ããšé¢ãã£ããããŸãã家åºã§è²å ããããããéãªã©ãæ§ã ãªå±é¢ã§ãã£ãšåœ¹ã«ç«ã£ãŠãããããšã§ãããã
å°é寺æŠåè(2009).ãæã«ãšãããã«çºéå¿çåŠããããæ¬ããããåºç
é·å°Ÿå¯å(2007)."åã©ãã®ç©ºéèªç¥ã®èªå·±äžå¿æ§ãšå¹Œå çµµç»ã®çºé"åå€å±é 圢èžè¡å€§åŠåå€å±é 圢èžè¡å€§åŠçæ倧åŠéšçŽèŠ(13),113 - 121.
廣柀æåã»å€§è¥¿å°å²ã»å²žä¿è¡(2018).âèªå·±äžå¿æ§å°ºåºŠã®äœæ : ãä»è ãžã®å ±æäžå šããšãèªå·±å çã®å°é£ããã«çŠç¹ãåœãŠãŠâ,çŠäºå€§åŠæè²ã»äººæ瀟äŒç³»éšéçŽèŠ(2),207 - 223.