èªå°ææ (èªå°å¿)ãšã¯ãèªå·±ã«å¯Ÿããè©äŸ¡çææ ã®ããšã§ãããããé«ãããšã§æ¥åžžç掻ã«å€ãã®ã¡ãªããããããéã«äœããšãã¡ãªãããèµ·ãã£ãŠããŸãã
äžè¬çã«ãããèããèªå°å¿ãããèªå°ææ ãã§ãããå³å¯ã«ã¯ã©ããã£ãæå³ãªã®ã§ããããïŒãã èªåã奜ãã§ããããšãããèªå·±æããšã¯ãã£ããäœãéãã®ã§ããããïŒãèªå·±è¯å®æãã®æå³ãšã®éãã¯ïŒèªå°ææ ã«ã€ããŠãä»äžåºŠãæŽçããŠã¿ãŸãããã
ãŸããããªãã®èªå°ææ ã¯æãããŠé«ãã®ããã¯ããŸãäœãã®ããå®éã«æž¬å®ããŠã¿ãŸããããèªå°ææ ãäœã人ã¯ã©ã®æ§ã«ãããé«ããããã®ãã«ã€ããŠãã玹ä»ããŠãããŸãã
ç®æ¬¡
èªå°ææ ãšã¯
ãèªå°ææ ãããèªå°å¿ããªããŠèšèãèããããšãããæ¹ã¯å€ãã§ãããããããããããç§ç¥ã£ãŠãããããã®èšäºã¯èªãå¿ èŠãªããªããªããŠæãããŠããæ¹ãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã§ããããã
ããããã©ãã§ãããããèªå°ææ ããšãèªå·±æãã®éãã¯ãåç¥ã§ããããïŒããã«ãèªå°ææ ããšãèªå·±è¯å®æãã«éãã¯ããã®ã§ããããïŒ
ãèªå°ææ ããšããèšèãç¥ããªãã£ãæ¹ã¯ãã¡ãããããç¥ã£ãŠãããšããæ¹ããããã§äžåºŠåŸ©ç¿ããŠã¿ãŸããããèªå°ææ ã®å¥¥æ·±ããåããã¯ãã§ãã
èªå°ææ ã®æå³ã»å®çŸ©
ãèªå°ææ ããšã¯ãèªå·±ã«å¯Ÿããè©äŸ¡çææ ã§ããè±èªã§ã¯ãSelf-esteemããšèšããŸããèªå°ææ ã¯èªä¿¡ã®äžäœæŠå¿µãšãããŠããããªã«ããæéçã«å€åããŠããèªç¥ã§ããç¹ã«ç¹åŸŽãããã§ãããã
äŸãã°ãèªåã®äŸ¡å€ãèœåãé«ãè©äŸ¡ããããšãæããè¯å®çã«è©äŸ¡ããŠããã°èªå°ææ ã¯é«ããåŠå®çã«è©äŸ¡ããŠããã°èªå°ææ ã¯äœããšèããããŸãã
èªå°ææ ã®å ·äœäŸ
èªå°ææ ãé«ããšã¯ãå ·äœçã«ã¯ä»¥äžã®æ§ãªç¹åŸŽãæã£ãŠããŸãã
ã»èªåã¯ãã®äžçã«ããŠãè¯ãååšã§ããã䟡å€ã®ããååšã§ãããšèªç¥ããŠããã
ã»èªåã¯äœãåªãããã®ãæã£ãŠãããä»ã®äººãšåçããã以äžã«è²ã ãªããšãåºæ¥ããšèªä¿¡ãæã£ãŠããã
ã»èªåã®äººçã¯å¹žçŠã«æºã¡ãŠãããšæ¥œèгçã«ç©äºãèããããšãåºæ¥ãã
èªå°ææ ãšèªå·±æã®éã
èªå°ææ ãšã¯ãå ã«èª¬æããéãã§ããäžæ¹ã§ããèªå·±æããšã¯äœã§ããããã
ãèªå·±æããšã¯ãããã€ãïŒFreud,S.ïŒã«ãã£ãŠæå±ãããæŠå¿µã§ãããèªæã«åãããããªãããŒãšãããŠããŸãã
ããå°ãåã¿ç ããŠèª¬æããŸããããã€ãã¯ã人éã®çºéã¯äž»ã«æ§çãªæ¬²æ±ã«ãã£ãŠèµ·ãããã®ã§ãããšèããŸãããããçšåºŠå€§äººã«ãªãã°ãç§éã®æ§ç欲æ±ã®å¯Ÿè±¡ã¯äž»ã«ç°æ§ã«åããããç°æ§æããäž»ãšãªããŸãã
ãããããã€ãã¯ãå¹Œå æã«ã¯ããã®æ§ç欲æ±ã¯èªå·±ã«åããšèããããããèªå·±æããšåŒã³ãŸããã
ã€ãŸãããèªå°ææ ããšã¯ãèªå·±ã«å¯Ÿããè¯å®çãªè©äŸ¡ã§ããäžæ¹ã§ããèªå·±æããšã¯èªå·±ã«å¯Ÿããæ§çæ¬²æ±ã§ãããšãã£ãç¹ã«éãããããŸãã
èªå°ææ ãšèªå·±è¯å®æã®éã
ãèªå°ææ ããšãèªå·±è¯å®æãã¯ãã©ã¡ããè±èªè¡šèšã§ã¯ãSelf-esteemããšãªããã»ãšãã©åãæå³ãšããŠäœ¿ãããããšãå€ãã§ããç ç©¶è ã«ãã£ãŠãå矩ãšããŠæ±ã£ãŠããè ãããŸãã
ããããããå³å¯ã«èšããšãèªå°ææ ãšã¯ã
- ç§ã¯ä»è ããç§ã§ãŠãããšããããšãŠãè¯ã Very-goodã
- èªåãèªãåãå ¥ããããŠãããããã§è¯ã Good-enoughã
ã®äºã€ã«åããããŸããïŒè©³ããã¯æ¬¡ç« ãåç §ããŠãã ããïŒ
äžæ¹ã§ãèªå·±è¯å®æãšã¯ããèªåã®ååšãã®ãã®ãèªãããæèŠã§ãããšãããŠããŸããã€ãŸãããèªå·±è¯å®æãã¯ããèªå°ææ ãã®ç¹ã«ãâ¡ãããã§è¯ã Good-enoughãã«æ³šç®ããæŠå¿µã§ãããšèšããã§ãããã
èªå°ææ ã®æž¬å®æ¹æ³
ã俺ã¯èªå°ææ é«ãããããç§ã¯èªå·±è¯å®æäœããã ããªã©ãšå£ã«ãã人ãèŠãããããšããããšãã人ãå€ãã®ã§ã¯ãªãã§ããããã
èªå°ææ ã¯æž¬ãããšããäœãšãªãèªåã§èªèŠããŠãããã®ãããããŸããããããã客芳çã«èªå°ææ ãæž¬ããšããããã©ã®æ§ãªæ¹æ³ãããã®ã§ããããã
ããŒãŒã³ããŒã°ã®èªå°ææ 尺床
å¿çåŠè ã®ããŒãŒã³ããŒã°ïŒRosenberg,M.ïŒã¯1965幎ãèªå°ææ ããã²ãšã€ã®ç¹æ®ãªå¯Ÿè±¡ãããªãã¡èªå·±ïŒThe selfïŒã«å¯Ÿããè¯å®çãŸãã¯åŠå®çãªæ 床ããšå®çŸ©ãããã®èªå°ææ ãæž¬ã尺床ãéçºããŸããã
ããã«ããŒãŒã³ããŒã°ã¯èªå°ææ ã以äžäºã€ã«åããŸããã
- å人ãèªåã«ããšãŠãè¯ã Very-goodãæããåŽé¢ã§ãããä»è ã«å¯Ÿãããåªè¶æãããèªä¿¡ãã衚ãã
- å人ãèªåã¯ãããã§è¯ã Good-enoughããšæããåŽé¢ã§ãããèªå·±å容ããæå³ããã
ããŒãŒã³ããŒã°ã¯ãç¹ã«â¡ã®ãããã§è¯ã Good-enoughãã®åŽé¢ã察象ã«ãèªå°ææ ãæž¬å®ãã尺床ãéçºããŸããã
ãèªå°ææ 尺床ããšåŒã°ãããã®å°ºåºŠã¯ãçŸåšã«ãããŠã瀟äŒå¿çåŠé åã§ã¯å€çšãããŠããã1970幎ã«ã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªçãéçºãããŠããŸãã
èªå°ææ ãã¹ããã§ãããµã€ã
ã客芳çã«èªå°ææ ãæž¬ã£ãŠã¿ããæ°æã¡ã¯ãããã©ãåŠè ã®äœã£ã尺床ãŸã§äœ¿ãã®ã¯å€§å€ããããšããäžè¬åãã®èªè ã®æ¹ã«ã¯ãTEST.JPãšãããµã€ãã®èªå°å¿ãã§ãã¯ãã¹ãããã¹ã¹ã¡ããŸãã
ç¡æã§è³ªåã«çããã ãã§ãããªãã®èªå°ææ ãæž¬ãããšãåºæ¥ãŸãããã®æ©äŒã«ããã²äžåºŠæž¬ã£ãŠã¿ãŠã¯ãããã§ããããã
èªå°ææ ãäœã人ã®ç¹åŸŽ
èªå°ææ ãäœããšã©ã®ãããªããšãèµ·ããã®ã§ãããããå®ã¯å€ãã®ãã¡ãªããããããŸããèªå°ææ ãå€ã人ã®ç¹åŸŽãæŽçããŠã¿ãŸãããã
èªå°ææ ã®åœéæ¯èŒ
ã§ã¯ãŸãèªå°ææ ã®åœéæ¯èŒã«ã€ããŠèŠãŠãããŸããããæ¥æ¬äººã¯èªå°ææ ãé«ããšæããŸããïŒãããšãäœããšæããŸããïŒ
å é£åºã¯ãå¹³æ26幎床çãåã©ãã»è¥è çœæžãã«ãããŠãèªå°ææ ïŒèªå·±è¯å®æïŒã®åœéæ¯èŒããŒã¿ãçºè¡šããŠããŸãã
- ãããªãã¯èªåèªèº«ã«æºè¶³ããŠããŸããïŒããšãã質åã«å¯Ÿãããããæãããã©ã¡ãããšãããšããæãããšçããè ã®å²åãã¢ã¡ãªã«ïŒ86.0%ïŒãã€ã®ãªã¹ïŒ83.1%ïŒããã©ã³ã¹ïŒ82.7%ïŒã ã£ãã®ã«å¯Ÿããæ¥æ¬ã¯45.8%ãšé¡èã«äœãããšã窺ããŸãã
- ããã«ããããªãã«ã¯é·æããããŸããïŒããšãã質åã«å¯Ÿãããããæãããã©ã¡ãããšãããšããæãããšçããè ã®å²åãã¢ã¡ãªãïŒ93.1%ïŒããã€ã(92.3%ïŒããã©ã³ã¹ïŒ91.4%ïŒã§ããã®ã«å¯Ÿããæ¥æ¬ã¯68.9%ãšãã¡ããäœããªã£ãŠããŸãã
ãã£ãŠæ¥æ¬äººã¯ããã¯ãèªå°ææ ãäœãåœæ°ã§ãããšèšããã§ãããã
èªå°ææ ãäœããªãåå
ã€ãªãã€å€§åŠã®ãã£ããªã³(Lan Nguyen ChaplinïŒãšãããœã¿å€§åŠã®ãžã§ã³ïŒDeborah Roedder JohnïŒã«ãã2007幎ã®ç ç©¶ã§ã¯ãå¹Œå æã«ãå¯ç©äž»çŸ©ïŒMateriarismïŒãã瀺ãåã©ãã¯ãé幎æä»¥éã«èªå·±è¯å®æãäœããªããšç€ºããŠããŸãã
ã€ãŸããç©ãæã€ããšãã«æãã®åŒ·ããšèªå°ææ ãäœããªããšèããããŸãã
èªå°ææ ãé«ã人ã¯ããèªåã«ã¯äŸ¡å€ãããããšããããšãååã«èªèããŠããçºãç©ãæã€äºã«æãã¯åŒ·ããããŸãããäžæ¹ã§ãèªå°ææ ã®äœã人ã¯ããèªåã«ã¯äŸ¡å€ããªãããšèªèããŠããçºãäœãæã¡ç©ã§èªåã®äŸ¡å€ã衚çŸãããšèããããŸãã
ããããç©ãžã®æããèªå°ææ ã®äžã€ã®åŒãéãšèšãããããããŸããã
èªå°ææ ãäœã人ã«èŠãããåŸå
- ç©ã«å¯Ÿãããã ããã匷ã
- ä»è ãšæ¯èŒãã
- æåãªäººãšã®ç¹ãããã¢ããŒã«ãã
åè¿°ããéããèªå°ææ ãäœã人ã¯ãç©ã«å¯Ÿãããã ããã匷ããåŸåãèŠãããŸãããã©ã³ãç©ã®æãããã¯ãè æèšãè²·ã£ãããé«çŽãªè»ã«ä¹ã£ãããšãèªåã«èªä¿¡ããªãããã«ãèªåã®æã¡ç©ã«ãã£ãŠãèªèº«ã®äŸ¡å€ãé«ããããšããåŸåããããŸãã
ãŸããèªå°ææ ãäœã人ã¯ãä»è ãšæ¯èŒãããåŸåããããŸããç¹ã«ä»è ãšæ¯èŒããå Žåã«èªåãããæªãçµæãåŸã人ãäžå¹žãªäººãæ¯èŒå¯Ÿè±¡ã«éžã³ããèªåã¯ãã®äººããã¯ãŸã ãŸãã ããšæãããšã§èªå°ææ ãé«ããåŸåã«ãããŸãã
ããã«ãèªå°ææ ãäœã人ã¯ãæåãªäººãšã®ç¹ãããã¢ããŒã«ãããåŸåã«ãããŸãããä¿ºã¯æå人ã®ââãšåéãªãã ãããç§ã¯ä¿³åªã®ââã«Twitterããã©ããŒãããŠãã®ããªã©ãèªåã«èªä¿¡ããªãããã«ãåã人ãšç¹ãã£ãŠãããšã¢ããŒã«ããããšã§ãåšãã«äŸ¡å€ããã人ã ãšæãããããšããåŸåããããŸãã
èªå°ææ ãäœãããšã«ãã£ãŠçããåé¡
èªå°ææ ãäœãããšã§ãã€ç ã®çºçãªã¹ã¯ãå¿çåŠçé害ã®å¯èœæ§ãé«ãŸãããšãäžè¬çã«èšãããŠããŸãã
ããã«ãèªå°ææ ãäœãããšã§æ¥åžžç掻ã«ãåé¡ãèµ·ãã£ãŠããŸãã
å äºãïŒ2013ïŒã§ã¯ãèªå°ææ ãé«ãäººã«æ¯ã¹ãèªå°ææ ãäœã人ã¯è¡åãçºèšã«å¯Ÿãæ¶æ¥µçã§ãããšç€ºããŠããŸããåã©ãã§ããã°ææ¥äžã«æãæããŠçºèšããã倧人ã§ããã°è²¬ä»»ã®ãããããžã§ã¯ãã«åå ãããšãã£ããç©æ¥µæ§ãèŠããããå æ°ã§åé¿çã«ãªããææŠãããªããªã£ãŠããŸããšèããããŸãã
èªå°ææ ãé«ããæ¹æ³
èªå°ææ ãé«ããã«ã¯ã©ã®ãããªæ¹æ³ãããã§ããããïŒïŒã€ã»ã©ã玹ä»ããŸãã
åŸæåéã䌞ã°ã
å ã«ãã玹ä»ããéããæ¥æ¬äººã¯ç¹ã«ããããåŸæã§ãããšèšããªãåŸåã«ãããŸããèªå°ææ ã圢äœãéèŠãªæŠå¿µã®äžã€ã§ããåŸæåéãæã¡ã宿ã§ããããã«äŒžã°ããŠããããšã§ãèªå°ææ ãé«ãããããšèšããŸãã
å šãŠå®ç§ã«ããå¿ èŠã¯ãããŸããããããã ãã¯èª°ãããäžæãã§ããããšä»äºãå®¶åºãåŠæ ¡ãéšæŽ»ãã©ãã§ãã©ããªã«å°ããããšã§ãããã®ã§ãäœãåŸæåéãèŠã€ããŠäŒžã°ããŠã¿ãŸãããã
èªåã®æå±ããã³ãã¥ããã£ãæã€
ã¿ãžãã§ã«ïŒTajfel,H.ïŒãšã¿ãŒããŒïŒTurner,J.C.ïŒã¯1896幎ã«ç€ŸäŒçã¢ã€ãã³ãã£ãã£çè«ãæå±ããŸããããã®çè«ã§ã¯ãç§ã¯ãã®éå£ã«æå±ããŠããããšããæèŠãèªå°ææ ãšæ·±ãé¢é£ããŠãããšãããŠããŸãã
ãã£ãŠããç§ã¯ââåŠæ ¡ã®çåŸã ããç§ã¯ââäŒç€Ÿã®ç€Ÿå¡ã ããšããæå±éãæã¡ãŸããããããã«ãââãšâ³â³ã®åéã°ã«ãŒãã«æå±ããŠããããšãã©ã€ããŒãã§ãæå±ããã³ãã¥ããã£ãæèããããšã§èªå°ææ ãé«ãŸããšèããããŸãã
ç©æ¥µçã«ãã£ã¬ã³ãžãã
èªå°ææ ãé«ããæã广çãªæ¹æ³ã¯ãæåäœéšãç©ãããšãã ãšãããŠããŸããããããå€éšããã®åŒ·å¶ã§ãããããæåäœéšã§ã¯èªå°ææ ã®é«ãŸãã¯äœãæããŸããã
äœãèªåã§èšç»ããç©æ¥µçã«ãããããããããšãã£ã¬ã³ãžããŠã¿ãŸããããããããèªå·±æ±ºå®ã®äžã§åŸãããæåäœéšã¯äœãããããªãã®èªå°ææ ãé«ããŠãããã¯ãã§ãã
å®ç掻ã«ãããèªå°ææ ã®æçŸ©
å®ç掻ã§ã¯èªå°ææ ã®é«äœã«ãã£ãŠã©ã®ãããªããšãèµ·ãã£ãŠããã®ã§ããããã
ãæè²ããããžãã¹ããææãã®å Žé¢ããèªå°ææ ã®æçŸ©ã«ã€ããŠèããŠã¿ãŸãããã
æè²
å äºãïŒ2013ïŒã§ç€ºãããŠããéããæè²å Žé¢ã§ã¯åã©ãã®ç©æ¥µæ§ã«èªå°ææ ã倧ãã衚ããŠããŸãã
èªå°ææ ã®é«ãåã©ãã¯ç©æ¥µçã«æãæããŠçºèšãããéåäŒã§ã¯å¿æŽå£å¡ã«ãªããªã©ã®è¡åãèŠãããŸããäžæ¹ã§ãèªå°ææ ã®äœãåã©ãã¯å€±æãæããªããæ¶æ¥µçãªè¡åãç®ç«ã¡ãŸãã
ããžãã¹
èªå°ææ ã®äœãããžãã¹ãã³ã®ç¹åŸŽãšããŠãåºäžãå«ããããªã©ãšãã£ãåŸåãèŠãããŸãã
èªå°ææ ãé«ã人ã¯åºäžãç®æãããªããªä»äºãé 匵ããåºäžããããšã§ããã«èªå°ææ ãé«ããŸããäžæ¹ã§ãèªå°ææ ã®äœã人ã¯ãåºäžããããšã§è²¬ä»»ãå¢ããäºãæããåºäžãæãŸãªãåŸåã«ãããŸãã
ææ
ããªã³ã°ã«(Bringle, 1981ïŒã§ã¯ãèªå°ææ ãäœãè ã»ã©é¢ä¿ã«å¯ŸããŠè¯ãæåŸ ãæãŠãã«ãå«åЬãåèµ·ããç¶æ³ãèŠæããåŸåã«ãããšç€ºããŠããŸãã
ã€ãŸããèªå°ææ ã®äœãè ã¯ã圌æ°ã»åœŒå¥³ãæµ®æ°ããŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšçããèŠæããåŸåã«ãããšèšããŸããä¿ã«ãã¡ã³ãžããããæçžã匷ãããšããã人ããèªå°ææ ãäœãã®ãããããŸããã
èªå°ææ ã«ã€ããŠåŠã¹ãæ¬
ãããŸã§èªå°ææ ã«ã€ããŠèŠãŠããŸãããããããæ©ã«ããã£ãšç¥ãããããšæã£ãŠé ããæ¹ã¯ããã²ä»¥äžã®æ¬ãåèã«ããŠã¿ããšè¯ãããšæããŸãã
èªå·±è¯å®æã®æç§æžïŒè)äžå³¶èŒ
äžè¬åãã«æžãããæ¬ã§ãããéåžžã«èªã¿ãããã§ããèªå°ææ ã»èªå·±è¯å®æã«ã€ããŠå šäœçã«çè§£ãæ·±ããããšããæ¹ã«ã¯å¿ èªã®äžåã§ãããã
çŸå®ã¯å³ãã ã§ã幞ãã«ãªãã ïŒè)Arbert EllisïŒèš³ïŒæè€å
ããã¯èªå·±åçºæ¬ã§ãããããããã ã®èªå·±åçºæ¬ã§ã¯ãããŸããã
è«çæ åçæ³ãšããäžççã«ãããã¬ãã«ã§æåãªå¿ççæ³ãéçºããã¢ã«ããŒãã»ãšãªã¹ãšãã倧å¿çåŠè ãæžããèªå·±åçºæ¬ã
ãã®æ¬ã«ããå 容ãå®è·µããŠããã°ãããªãã®èªå°ææ ãé«ãŸãããšãééããªãããšæããŸããæ¬åœã«ãªã¹ã¹ã¡ã®äžåã§ãã
ãèªå·±è¯å®æããé«ããåè²ãŠïŒè)Daniel J. Siegel, Tina Payne BrysonïŒèš³)æ¡è°·ç¥æª
èªåãèªå°ææ ãèªå·±è¯å®æãé«ããããšèšãããã¯ããåã©ãã®èªå·±è¯å®æãé«ãããããšæã£ãŠããæ¹ã«ãªã¹ã¹ã¡ã®äžåã§ãã
èªå·±è¯å®æãé«ããåè²ãŠã«ã€ããŠUCLAå»ç§å€§åŠææãšå ç«¥å¿çåŠè ãåããæã玹ä»ããŠãããŠããŸãã
èªå°ææ ãããªãã®äººçãå·Šå³ãã
ãããŸã§èªãã§äžãã£ãæ¹ã¯ãèªå°ææ ã®é«äœãã©ãã»ã©äººçã倧ããå·Šå³ããã®ããçè§£ããã ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã§ããããïŒ
èªå°ææ ãäœãããšã§ç²Ÿç¥çŸæ£ã®ãªã¹ã¯ã¯é«ãŸãã幎åãäœããªããªã©ã蚌æãããŠããŸããäžæ¹ã§èªå°ææ ãé«ãããšã§ã粟ç¥çã«å¥åº·åºŠãé«ãŸãã人çã®å¹žçŠåºŠãé«ãŸããšã瀺ãããŠããŸãã
ããªãã®äººçã倧ããå·Šå³ããèªå°ææ ãåºæ¥ãã ãé«ããããšæã£ãæ¹ã¯ããã²æ¬èšäºã§ç޹ä»ãããèªå°ææ ãé«ããæ¹æ³ããå®è·µããŠã¿ãŠäžãããããã«é«ããŠã幞çŠãªäººçãéãããæ¹ã¯ãªã¹ã¹ã¡ã®æ¬ããã§ãã¯ããŠã¿ãŠãè¯ãã§ãããã
ããªããèªåã¯äŸ¡å€ã®ãã人éã ãšå®æããææ¥ã幞çŠã«ç¬ããããšãç¥ã£ãŠãããŸãã
åèæç®
- çŸå®ã¯å³ãã ã§ã幞ãã«ã¯ãªãã. (2018). (è)ã¢ã«ããŒãã»ãšãªã¹. (èš³)æè€å. æé¿ç€Ÿ.
- é è€å¥æ²». éŠ¬å Žéå. æ¿å£ç è¡£. (2011). 女å倧åŠçã®ææãšèªå°ææ . éå±±å¿çåŠç ç©¶. 第11å·». pp.49-62.
- ç¥éé.(2018).ãéå¹Žã®ææé¢ä¿ã«ãããå«åЬåŸåã¯èªå°ææ ã«èŠå®ããããã. âèªå·±æèгç¹ããã®æ€èš. ããŒãœããªãã£ç ç©¶. 第27å·». 第2å·. 125-139.
- å äºåœ°. é åŽåº·ç. 暪山æ£å¹ž. (2013). åã©ãã®èªå°ææ ãšç掻ã®ããæ¹ãšã®é¢ä¿ã«ã€ããŠã®ç ç©¶. æ¥æ¬ç掻äœéšåŠç¿åŠäŒèª. 第13å· 43-50.
- äžè¬ç€Ÿå£æ³äºº æ¥æ¬ã»ã«ããã¹ãã£ãŒã æ®ååäŒ. https://www.self-esteem.or.jp/selfesteem/
- 倧åŠé¢å ¥è©Šåé¡åæããŒã ç·šé  (2002).æ¥æ¬ç·šå ¥åŠé¢äŒç». èšåºå¿ç士æå®å€§åŠé¢ãå¿çåŠããŒã¯ãŒãèŸå ž. ãªã¯ã ã©æžåº.